Monday, September 30, 2019
Use of a Redox Indicator to show Dehydrogenase Activity
Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (also known as T.T.C) is an example of an artificial hydrogen acceptor. It is a redox indicator which is colourless when oxidised, however when reduced, it produces a red, insoluble precipitate called ‘formazans'. T.T.C can therefore be used to investigate the enzyme activity of dehyrogenase enzymes by showing a colour change when they are present. The purpose of this experiment is to see what effect temperature has on the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes within yeast cells. Materials/Apparatus: * Actively respiring yeast suspension. This is prepared by adding 10g of dried yeast to 1dm3 of distilled water, followed by mixing in 50g of glucose. This mixture should be allowed to stand for 24 hours before the experiment takes place. * Tiphenyl tetrazolium chloride is used as a redox indicator to investigate the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes when yeast suspension is exposed to different temperatures. * Distilled water for the preparation of the yeast suspension. * Test tubes to place the mixture of yeast and T.T.C. * Test tube rack to allow the test tubes to stand upright in the water baths. * Incubator to allow enzyme activity to occur at different temperatures * Syringes to accurately measure the right amount of yeast and T.T.C needed for each solution. * A Glass rod to evenly distribute the cells in the solution after the T.T.C has been added. * Crushed ice to allow the dehyrogenase activity to take place at 10degrees. * Beakers for the yeast suspension to be prepared in. * Thermometer to measure the temperature of the water bath containing the ice cubes. * Stopwatch to measure the time taken for the solution to change colour. NOTE: The colour change is completed once the solution has turned a ‘salmon pink' colour. Allow all solutions to reach the same colour before removing them from the water baths. Method: Prepare a solution of yeast cells by adding 10g of dried yeast to 1dm3 of distilled water, followed by mixing in 50g of glucose. This mixture should be allowed to stand for 24 hours before the experiment takes place. Once the yeast suspension has been allowed to stand for 24 hours, the froth should be removed and discarded. Set up a water bath by adding ice cubes to cold water, until the water has reached 10degrees. Continue to measure the temperature with a thermometer ensuring that the temperature is maintained. Set up separate incubators at 30, 40, 50 and 60 degrees. Using a syringe, place 5cm of yeast suspension into three separate test tubes and place in the incubator. Leave for several minutes and then add 0.5cm of T.T.C into each solution and place them back into the incubator set at 30degrees. Start the stopwatch immediately. Observe carefully for any colour changes that have developed. When the colour change has taken place, take the test tubes out of the incubator and note down the time taken for the colour change to take place. Repeat this procedure at 20, 40, 50 and 60 degrees. To measure the dehydrogenase activity at 20 degrees, carry out this procedure at room temperature. Table of results: Temperature (degrees) Time taken for colour change to occur (minutes) 10 No change 20 52.11 30 26.12 40 10.08 50 4.22 60 4.43 A bar graph has been produced to portray these results so that a comparison can clearly be seen. The graph has been drawn on graph paper. Conclusion: The results from this experiment indicate that temperature has a definite affect on the activity of dehydrogenase enzymes. The graph shows that as the temperature increases, the time taken for the solution to change colour decreases. This shows that dehyrogenase enzymes work faster at a higher temperature as there was no colour change when the T.T.C was added to the yeast suspension at 10 degrees. The temperature at which the dehydrogenase enzymes worked at their quickest was 50 degrees. This indicates that 50 degrees is the optimum temperature for the enzyme activity to take place as the colour change took slightly longer when placed in a water bath set at 60 degrees. This may be due to the fact that some of the dehydrogenase enzymes could have been denatured due to the high temperature. However, it is not quite clear whether 50 degrees is the optimum temperature for the enzyme activity to take place because this experiment took place using a limited amount of temperature ranges. If this investigation was to be repeated, a wider range of temperatures could be used so that an optimum temperature could be established. Overall, the results from this experiment support the hypothesis and therefore have provided successful and sufficient data which have confirmed the predictions that were made prior to the investigation taking place.
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Evaluating the Results of School Administration and Supervision
Educ. 207 Evaluating the Results of School Administration and Supervision Organizational evaluation or assessment measures compare and analyze the coherence between results and specific objectives, and between specific objectives and general objectives of institutional projects, programs or plans. Evaluation is an important aspect of improving the administration in any organization. It plays a very important role in helping the managers to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in their operations.It can act as an instrument to create confidence and generate support of the people for research programs, and put forth their activities in a transparent and effective way to its shareholders. Depending upon the time of evaluation, it can either be Ex-ante evaluation or Ex-post evaluation. When the evaluation has been conducted before or during the implementation of a task, it is known as Ex-ante evaluation. Ex-post evaluation is carried out after a task is completed. Evaluation in an or ganization can be carried out in an integrated form or with respect to certain departments.When it is carried out for the entire organization, the result is apprised with goals and objectives and the quality of the result is calibrated with predetermined standards. When it is carried out separately for each department, it is necessary to determine the importance of the task performed and role played in the result by the respective department. Coordination between different departments is always an important aspect of any evaluation process. Communication within the workplace should generally be followed with proper protocols, but it should be from top to bottom and vice versa.Horizontal communication should also be promoted in an effective manner. The three vital elements in an evaluation process are the organization, the assessment team and the employees who use the assessment results. To effectively carry out the evaluation process, the assessment team must be aware of power hiera rchies, decision-making policies, organizational culture and other internal and external intricacies. Organizations should provide formal coaching to an assessment team before carrying out any evaluation.Employee assessment plays a vital role in building a good rapport and cordial relations between the management and the employees. Employee evaluation should be carried out in a friendly atmosphere with minimum formalities. They should be given an opportunity to speak out openly. Interviews can be conducted in an informal and unstructured manner to gauge the employee satisfaction level. People like recognition for the work they do and mostly wish to talk about it. They like to share their problems, conflicts, perceptions and achievements. Educ. 07 Code of Ethics for Professional Teachers An ideal teacher is the one we respect from our heart. He/she acts as a guide to the students, while not pushing them too much. Such a perfect motivates them and boosts their morale. He/she tries to encourage the students and refrains from criticizing them. The perfect teacher prefers to give positive motivation to his/her students. His/her comments are always constructive in nature. He/she serves as our friend, guide, educator, confidante, and a blend of all the good qualities one can posses.Such a teacher shapes the entire life of the students. If everyone in this world gets an ideal teacher, he/she won’t have to look back in his/her life ever. Considering the fact that students spend a great part of their life at school, one may come to conclusion that schools contribute significantly into overall ‘quality' of students' lives. No wonder that personality of a teacher is of crucial importance; moreover, some teachers turn into extremely important people for the whole life due to the impact they make while teaching us.It is good if this impact is positive and brings motivation for students, however, it sometimes happens that teachers manage to spoil not only mood o f a student but intrude into internal world, leaving unpleasant vestige there. That is why the statement that, â€Å"What the teacher is, is more important than what he teaches†, expressed by Karl Menninger is really truthful. Question of teacher's ethics has been on the agenda since teachers appeared and it is still important to talk about that.Teachers are the people, who should serve for students not only as examples of high education but of decent behavior as well. That is why each violation of teacher's ethics may cause some really serious consequences and turn into crucial mistakes. For example, ignoring some student may lead to personal complexes because a young personality will feel depressed and underestimated. Of course, much depends on child's family, surrounding, but as it was stated from the very beginning school is the place where children spend a great part of their time and that's why they are growing as personalities at school.It is vital that they grew in a healthy atmosphere, surrounded by professional teachers that would be able to not only give knowledge but give lessons of ethics too. Educ. 207 BASIC EDUCATION SECTOR REFORM AGENDA ( BESRA ) The Department of Education is pursuing a package of policy reforms called the Basic Education Sector Reform Agenda (BESRA) to build upon the efforts of the School First Initiative (SFI) and to create a basic education sector that is capable of achieving the Education for All (EFA) objectives by 2015.STRIVE focuses on systems development, particularly at the regional level. The support systems which are being developed will address the need for effective continuous use of promising project initiatives mainstreamed in DepED as well as ensure quality improvement processes within the education system itself. STRIVE focuses on developing systems for BESRA regional implementation anchored to the national policy and frameworks. It is one of the strategic avenues to support the successful implementatio n of BESRA.The implementation of the BESRA was seen as a welcome move by many, both in the private and public sector. Several landmark initiatives by the DepEd have been based on the BESRA, such as the institutionalization of multilingual education, the Third Elementary Education Project (TEEP), and the Secondary Education Development and Improvement Project (SEDIP). However, years after its first implementation, many of the proposed reforms have not been fully implemented.As NicetoPoblador said in the column â€Å"Beyond reform, beyond transformation,†published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer last 25 January 2009, the primary hindrance to any true reform in the education sector was the resistance of â€Å"entrenched elements in the bureaucracy and by elements outside the system whose interests firmly lie on the status quo. †Poblador also paraphrases Cynthia Bautista, a sociologist at the University of the Philippines, saying that most of the reform proposals that h ave been put forward (including the BESRA, which was founded on the research of external parties) have been â€Å"externally generated. Because the proposal was â€Å"externally generated,†bureaucrats have the final say in the implementation of these reforms. Educ. 207 PROGRAMS AND PROJECTS OF DEPED Academics is not the be-all and end-all of education. At DepED, we recognize that pure classroom instruction cannot fully satisfy the growing need to provide pupils and students with opportunities for practical learning and proper channelling of potentials and interests.Because we believe in the importance of exposing and preparing young people to face the realities of life, we implement various programs and projects – all of which, hopefully, will help pupils and students become more well-rounded individuals and citizens of our country. A. STUDENT TECHNOLOGISTS AND ENTREPRENEURS OF THE PHILIPPINES (STEP)                Establi shment of STEP Organizations                Technical Conference and Training/Workshop                Skills Development and Competitions                AwardsAnnual Evaluation and Planning Conference and Workshop           B. STUDENT GOVERNMENT PROGRAM (SGP) Synchronized Supreme Pupil/Student Government Elections                Supreme Student Governments Division, Regional and National Federations                National Leadership Training for Student Government Officers                Awards Youth Leadership Awards – Celebrity Edition Peer Counseling Program Training/Workshop                 National Federation of Supr eme Student Governments Conference                 Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference and Workshop           C.YOUTH ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND COOPERATIVISM IN SCHOOLS (YECS)                Establishment of YECS Organizations                Training and Conference (Teen Negosyo)                Awards Moderators’ Training Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference and Workshop          D. YOUTH FOR ENVIRONMENT IN SCHOOLS (YES)                Establishment of YES Organizations                Youth for Environment Summer Camp                Massive-Intensive-Sustained Tree-Planting, Tree-Growing and Tree- Caring                Annual Evaluation and Planning Conference for Tree-Planting Program
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Peer Pressure Speech Essay
â€Å"He who saves one life it is as though he saves the world†. You make the call, you have control over what you want to do or not do. Do you really want to do it, or are you too scared to stand up for yourself and just say no? You must stand up for yourself, and be confident with your decision. What if you say yes? What if you decide not to stand up for yourself? What if you are not confident? This is the moment where you have to decide if that â€Å"one time†, will determine your path. But you really have to stop and think for a moment. Is what you are doing a complete and true definition of you? Whose life are you really leading? There are two kinds of peer pressure. The Positive kind, and the Negative kind. The positive kind of peer pressure is, being pressured or convinced to do a certain task that you may not have had the confidence to complete or to do yourself. Another kind of positive peer pressure is when friends convince you not to do something that may not have been in your best interest. Negative peer pressure is just what it sounds likeâ€â€It is when Peers try to make you think that they know what is best for you. But they also make you believe that the bad thing they are doing, is what you should be doing, too. They try to direct you down a path, which is not the correct one. They push for you to have JUST ONE drink. To smoke JUST ONE cigarette†¦. But, the thing that you can do to save yourself is not always the easiest thing to do– saying NO. But just saying no may or may not be the end of the problem. What it means is that you have to be certain and confident with your choice, and have the inner strength to know that you are doing the right thing. Being accepted by people who want you to be a follower, and to go down what may be the wrong path, is being accepted or thinking that you will be accepted by people who are not really your friends. Many people forget what the true definition of friend is. Why are people so willing to give into peer pressure? Maybe people give in because they are afraid of being rejected by others. Maybe they give in because they want to appear grown up. They don’t want to be made fun of; they don’t want to hurt someone’s feelings; they aren’t sure of what they really want; they don’t know how to get out of the situation. We all feel it! We all do it! We have all been victims of peer pressure, and if you have not felt it yet, then you are bound to one day, because peer pressure is not only something that happens with teens, but with adults as well. Even adults feel peer pressure – to have a nicer car, a nicer house, different clothes†¦etc†¦ Unfortunately, negative peer pressure is never going to disappear. There will always be someone who will try to tempt you with something, try to convince you of something, use you for something. While we can’t change other people so easily, what we can change is how we react to negative peer pressure. It takes a lot of courage to stand up and walk away, when other people are doing something that you don’t want to do. It takes leadership to show the right path. It is so hard when â€Å"everyone†is drinking, when â€Å"everyone†is smoking pot, and you aren’t. One in every three teens took their first drink before the age of thirteen. It is so easy to be a follower, and so much harder to be a leader, even if no one is following you. People need to realize that forcing or badgering or humiliating someone into taking a drink, is not being a leader. You don’t know someone’s reasons for not drinking, you don’t know if they are taking medicine that might really affect them if they drink, or if they have a medical condition that would be affected if they drink. So they feel pressured, take a couple of drinks, then get really sick, or get in an accident. Pretty negative right? We have all heard about teen drug use since we were in middle school. We all remember that middle school was a really hard time, as we were trying to be so mature, and were still so young, and were trying to find an identity. Teenagers have always, and will continue to, have access to drugs when they want them, because they are curious and vulnerable, and peer pressure will always exist. The temptation to some how and some way, run away from things in our lives that cause conflicts, can let us become the victims of peer pressure, and drug use. Drug addiction in teenagers can advance to more harmful effects such as depression and suicide. One out of every three kids has been given, offered or sold drugs in High school and Middle School and one in every four of 17 and 18 year olds smoke regularly. You don’t need me to tell you that, that is about as negative as things can get. You have the choice, and you have the control to stand up for yourself. Here’s the thing, you’ll never be able to stop peer pressure. People will always want you to be like them, because they want someone to drag alongâ€â€it gives them more confidence and strength. But you can only hope that there will be good people out there that will encourage people to do good things, instead of bad. If negative peer pressure was to end, and all we were left with was positive peer pressure, we would be living in a society that would be making great advancements in the right direction. For example, Relay for Life is a very important program that takes place not only in our community but also in communities all over our country. Kids raise money for, and awareness of cancer, by taking part in an all night walk-a-thon. By pressuring our peers to attend such an impressive community event, we are making a gigantic step toward finding a cure for all kinds of cancers. It is events and moments like these, which can change the world. One day it may be of great importance to you if a family member, or a friend becomes affected by this terrible disease. Pressuring your peers to take part in doing good for the world is the greatest form of positive peer pressure and leadership. Now, let’s say that negative peer pressure is allowed, and continues to be a growing problem. Imagine this scenario: You’re at a party, and you see a kid from your school, and it seems as though he is not doing much socially. You approach him, and start harassing him about how he isn’t drinking and that he’s too scared to have a drink. But to show you up, this lonely teen lets down his guard and has one beer, and then another beer, and then another beer, until he’s so drunk its unrecognizable who this person is anymore. You laugh, and walk away, not realizing that this kid who drove there all by himself does not have many friends, and none of them are at the party. The next school day you find out that one of your classmates is dead. He left the party, got in a car, and wrapped himself around a tree, resulting in his tragic death for which not only you but also everyone present at that party is to blame. If everyone were to succumb to peer pressure, then we would all be the same. For example, lets talk about the clothes we wearâ€â€if peer pressure said that everyone should wear only clothing from Hollister, then we would all look alike. Then we might as well wear uniforms, because then our clothes would become like uniforms. And if every one lived in the same kind of house, and drove the same kind of car, had the same kind of dog, went to the same places for vacation, it would seem like communist Russia, and not the free country that we live in. Although that is taking it to an extreme, and seems silly, that is precisely what peer pressure is, if there was no one to stand up for themselves. So, are you someone who wants to save a life or someone who wants to sabotage a life? Are you a leader or a follower? If you are a follower, or a life saboteur, do you want to change, and if not, why not? Are you happier making someone else unhappy? Remember, if you change one life, save one life, then it is something that can change the world, one person at a time†¦
Friday, September 27, 2019
Invisible Cities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Invisible Cities - Essay Example In time, however, Khan realizes that the nonexistent places the traveler speaks of describe, bit by bit, his town of Venice (Calvino et al, 28). The City of Zobeide On a personal note, the most captivatingly described the city in the book is Zobeide. The city of Zobide was the most captivating. Unlike in the description of other cities, Marco Polo not only explains the physical outlay of Zobeide but also tells of its origins. He does so in an imaginative and poetic manner that adds some charisma to the city. The description of Marco Polo concerning the foundation of the city is intriguing. The city was founded by men of different backgrounds who had an identical dream. He explains that each of the men dreamt of a woman running at night in the streets of a city. The woman was naked with long hair and each man desired to have an encounter with her. Every man would chase her through the city’s alleys but would ultimately lose her. When they awoke, the men resolved to travel in se arch of the city in their vision, but never found it. They, however, found each other and decided to build a city similar to the one in the dream. In designing the city’s streets, they arranged the spaces, alleys and walls in a different manner from the dream in order to trap the woman efficiently, and so Zobeide came to be. They settled in it, waiting for the woman to appear in the night, which never happened. Other men arrived into the city, having had the dream of the naked woman and recognized some features in Zobeide that resembled the city of their dreams. For this reason, the arcades and staircases were changed to resemble the woman’s path so as to build her a better trap. The first man, however, could not understand why the rest were drawn to the city as in his eyes, it was ugly (Calvino et al, 157). What is revoking about the description, though, is the fact that it portrays no realistic way of living. It has no real culture, economics or politics. In the narr ation, we are clearly told of the men’s goal and the actions they took towards them; but as for details of how they achieved such, the author keeps us in the dark. The many livelihoods, the governance and interpersonal relations are missed out; components vital in the narration of a city. The narration about the city of Zobeide evokes a feeling of pity from readers towards its occupants. It is sorrowful to read of the trouble the men undergo under the mental imprisonment by the woman in their dream. Additionally, after travelling far and wide, constructing a city and reconstructing it, the men end up disappointed since she never shows up. They are forced to carry on without what seems to be their uttermost desire in life (De, 137). The use of symbolism in the narrative is intriguing. The woman figuratively represents the desire which inspired the creation of Venice. The name Zobeide is also used in another book called Arabian Nights as the name of Caliph Harun al Rashidâ€⠄¢s wife. The woman is used in many works of art to represent desire; which eventually is the building force of societies and history, when bound up with the right amount of power and creativity. The building and rebuilding of Zobeide, as described by Italo, is a metaphor to illustrate human past of semiotic development. Desire provides the desire, then a drive, which produces the impulse to achieve a goal. In spite of the woman being the core reason for the city’
Thursday, September 26, 2019
Summary of a Bibliobase document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Summary of a Bibliobase document - Essay Example He further describes that how cold and heartless the attendance as well as women/wives has become when it comes to a child. He proposed that abortion can only be induced when the termination of the gestation is necessary to relief the mother from fatality and nothing such as religion or professional courtesy should be taken into consideration to make the basis of abortion. Moreover, he goes about speaking that nowadays women have become so unemotional that they enter marriage bed on the condition that they will not reproduce as they don’t have any desire to be a ‘mom’ or have offspring, since it is inconvenient for them. Ill argues that laws and regulations should be established which would make termination of an unborn baby a crime, even if the consent of the parent is given, apart from the situation when the baby is constructing dangers for the mother. Likewise, he adds that an unborn baby should be regarded with as much concern and value as the mother and use o f new therapeutic, be it surgical or medical, should be promoted to keep both the child and parent healthy and alive. Now moving towards the analysis of the document, it is important to take help of couple of other sources and explicitly jot down the intentions, agenda, audience and reasons for this composition to analyze its standards as a foremost source. If one dig deep into the work of Edward J Ill he played his card in a way to portray abortion as an illegitimate and offensive crime, though most of gynecologist will agree with him but individuals have different criteria of dealing with every situation. He further aims to gather such legal steps that will ensure safety of the unborn child and increase his/her chances of getting out alive. However, taking such incentive needs time. For example, Alston in his article states that human right instrument are meant for the people living and it is bit
Airport Operations Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words
Airport Operations Management - Case Study Example Dothan regional Airport is located in Dothan city which is one of the major cities in the U.S state of Alabama. This city derives its name from the bible; Genesis 37:17 " I heard them ,lets go to Dothan" and in most cases it is referred to as the ' The Circle City' due to its Rose Clarke Circle which encircles most parts of the city. According to the U.S Bureau of Statistics, the current population of the city is approximated to be 62, 713 in 2005. The area it covers is 224.8Km2 and it is located at 3113'38"N, 8524'26"W. On February15th 1965, Dothan Regional Airport was opened to serve as a commercial transportation aviation facility in the State of Alabama. By then, it was considered one of the best facilities in the state and served as a useful aviation centre for the economic activities within the state. First of all, the initial construction (of Napier Field) was developed in 1941 as part of meeting the expanding needs for the U.S Army Air Corps who found the area useful for their operations. During the World War II, the personnel in this army made the project to train more staff to meet the demands of the war at that time. This necessity gave it way for the construction process to begin. The field was named after one of the Army's flight surgeons, Major Edward L. Napier died in a plane crash in Ohio. Napier Field, as it was referred to later begin operating its major flights on October, 1941. The field also served as the training area for British cadets in the end of that year and also the Mexican army, P-40 group. Later on in the end of the Second World War, the army decided to deactivate the field which was to be reconstructed later as the Dothan Regional Airport. Under an agreement signed in 1946 by the City of Houston and the Dothan City, the filed was to be improved and subsequently made available for the two cities. Since the field remained unused for a long period of time, most of its land was used by the Houston City authority for other purposes. From that time, the airport was transformed through the formation of Dothan Houston County Airport Authority to oversee the completion of its construction, equipment and operation. It thus continued to expand progressively and has continued to offer the citizens of Southern Alabama a first class centre for the commercial aviation industry. The buildings in the airport houses companies such as Flight-line of Dothan, Pemco World Air Services, Alabama Jet Centre and Flight-safety International. Records available at the FAA offices indicate that the book value of the whole airport is approximately $14 million. Dothan Regional Airport Ownership The Dothan Regional Airport is publicly owned and is operated by the Dothan City-Houston County Airport Authority Inc. This authority consists of four members who are appointed to serve for four years each and consequently retire one per year for consistency in its operations. The members are appointed by each of the following; Dale County Commission,
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
BRAND MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
BRAND MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example In other words, the image of a brand depends on what customers perceive and feel about it. Brand image is very strongly related to brand awareness, because customers are unlikely to have any image of a brand that they are unaware of. In this highly competitive commercial environment, it has become imperative for corporate organizations to distinguish the products and services offered by them from that of their peers. As a result, brand awareness, brand image, and brand development strategies have become an integral part of the present day business organization in building their brand equity. Adidas, a German sportswear producer, was instituted in the year 1920 by Adi Dassler. The business started off as a small workshop, but it transformed over the years into a renowned large corporation and turned out to be one of the foremost sportswear brands in the world. The products of the company comprise of sports shoes, sports shirts, bags, and all other sports related goods and equipments. The Adidas Group comprises of three major brands, such as adidas, Reebok and TaylorMade. The figure below illustrates the brands that comprise the Adidas Group: Despite the fact that brand image development is undeniably a grave challenge to brand managers, there has not been much research to assist brand managers in making a choice between different strategies. There are large numbers of researches that have been accentuated on brand personality (Okazaki, 2006; Venable & Rose, 2003). Nevertheless, the most important focus of these researches has been on the consequences and outcomes of brand personality or on dimension factors. There have not been much studies revolving around how brand personalities are build up as well as how they can be augmented. There are a numbers of constituents that are required during the process of branding, and brand personality is one of the crucial elements. By bestowing a brand with a definite personality, brand managers attempt to
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Reading Journal(summary, application and synthesize) What is Essay
Reading Journal(summary, application and synthesize) What is Sustainability - Essay Example The first axiom warns the society of continuous use of resources of a total collapse. The second axiom warns of rate of consumption that is equal to the growth of population is unsustainable. The third axiom provides a guideline for consumption of renewable resources for sustainability. It states rate of natural replenishment of renewable resources is to be greater or equal to the rate of consumption. The fourth axiom states the rate of usage of non-renewable resources must be declining in a way that is greater than or equal to the rate of depletion. The fifth axiom advices in the event of a new substance introduced into the environment as a result of manmade activities. They must not be harmful to the biosphere or should be rendered harmless (Heinberg and Daniel, 6). Through these five axioms, Richard Heinberg targets every rational human being. At least one of his axiom is applicable to a particular section of the human society. For instance, the fifth axiom is applicable to almost every sector of the human society. It is particularly applicable to manufacturing industries, business like hotels, and hospitals, and also to families. In these and others sectors of the human society, the fifth anxiom requires people to protect their environments by avoiding introducing harmful substances to them. The third axiom targets particularly the mineral miners. It requires them to conserve the environment by not engaging in extensive mining devoid of future considerations. The fourth axiom targets the industries like the energy industry, which uses non-renewable resources. Therefore, Richard Heinberg targets every person in the world. His essay requires every individual to protect his/her environment by applying one of the axioms that defines sustainability in his/her particular situation. Richard Heinberg article is very relevant to each and every member of the classroom community. Previously each of us had a different definition of sustainability. Some of us
Monday, September 23, 2019
CRJS420 U1IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
CRJS420 U1IP - Research Paper Example To his biggest surprise, my uncle found out that the driver of the vehicle was none other than his beloved father. For a moment he stood there dumbfounded as he contemplated what to do. This clearly is a situation that requires a lot of sobriety, honesty, integrity and morality while handling it. It is such a big dilemma and after my uncle narrated it to me I took myself in his boots. Going by the facts as they stood, I would have not hesitated to arrest my father. It is evidently clear in our legal justice system that a drunk driver is a threat not only to himself/herself but also to other road users. In addition to that, the oath of duty taken by police officers clearly stipulates service to all, and that a police officer should always act with courtesy, honesty as well as with regard for the welfare of other people. Clearly his father was on the wrong side of the law and needed to be apprehended, for the sake of justice. Some of the positive consequences of this decision would be maintenance of safety for other road users, prevention of potential deaths through road accidents and upholding of my morals as well as oath of office as a police office. Creation of bad blood between my father and I would be one of the negative consequences for my action of apprehending him. Based on my decision, the ethical theory that best describes this approach is deontology which basically argues that individuals ought to stick to their duties and obligations while doing an analysis touching on ethical dilemma. This basically implies that an individual will pursue his/her commitments to another person or society since upholding one’s obligation is what is regarded as being ethically correct. A deontologist will, for instance, always maintain the law (Douglas, 2014). Ethics mostly involves principles that are used to determine what behaviors are good, proper as well
Sunday, September 22, 2019
How great websites help improve your business Essay Example for Free
How great websites help improve your business Essay Mission Statement Our diversity mission is to foster a culture that integrates diversity and inclusion into all aspects of the business in order to further fulfill dreams through the experiences of motorcycling.  Vision Statement Harley-Davidson values, embraces and celebrates diversity in order to develop and continuously improve mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders to fulfill dreams and provide extraordinary customer experiences in an increasingly dynamic, diverse and global market.  Objectives  Create a viable brand that would effectively compete within the Non-Menthol, Lo-Fi category. Attract more young adult (25-49) male smokers into the Lorillard family.  Develop a highly targeted â€Å"Niche Brand’ that would generate modest share goals.  Build strong brand awareness and imaginary.  Gain trial and repeat purchase. Create consumer confidence.  Strategies MARKET PENETRATION Get some more market share from the existing market, like U. S, U. K, and Japan etc through more marketing techniques like advertising. Harley-Davidson has a good brand name so it’s easy for them to eat up the competitor market share if they can provide some more customer benefit. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Younger generation and female are now coming to this segment so expand the motor cycle segments to younger generation and females.  MARKET DEVELOPMENT Harley-Davidson can bring in their vehicle to Asian countries like India and China, because these countries have a high population and the market potential is also high.  DIVERSIFICATION Bring new bikes to attract customer and market.  INVESTING IN THE BRAND The Company is reinforcing its support of the Harley-Davidson brand, accelerating its ongoing marketing efforts to reach out to emerging rider groups, including younger and diverse riders. In addition, the Company will continue to focus on product innovations targeted at specific growth opportunities with its strong core customer base and new riders.  ADJUSTING THE COST STRUCTURE Consolidate its two engine and transmission plants in the Milwaukee area into its facility in Menomonee Falls, Wis.  OBTAINING ADDITIONAL FUNDING FOR HDFS The Company said it is evaluating a range of options to provide the necessary liquidity for the wholesale and retail lending activities of Harley-Davidson Financial Services (HDFS) Recommended Mission To be branded as the best motorcycle available in the world. Recommended Vision The best quality motorcycle, motorcycle products and financial services will be provided worldwide is the commitment of Harley-Davidson. Customer satisfaction is our motto and the Harley-Davidson customers can experience the taste of reality of motorcycle dreams by relaying their satisfaction on us. Harley- Davidson is dedicated to use the advanced technology to produce the most superior motorcycle in domestic and international markets. Stay competitive and continue growth worldwide remain profitable and survive is our philosophy. Employees of Harley-Davidson are the foundation of the company and they are the driving force behind the Harley-Davidson name. The total team effort of Harley-Davidson employees is devoted to fulfilling dreams of customers and we believe that there is not a motorcycle riding experience like a Harley-Davidson’s. Excellence is our push though our Harley-Davidson bar and shield logo that says superior quality. Honesty and customer loyalty and these morals are the heartbeat of Harley-Davidson organization. Harley-Davidson do our part in supporting all environmental laws in every country we do business. Determination and commitment is the place where Harley-Davidson intends to stay.  External Opportunities The European demand for Harley Davidson is the highest in the international market and represents the single largest motorcycle market in the world Women and younger riders are increasing becoming interested in bikes  The international heavy weight market is growing and is now larger than the U. S. heavyweight market Market share increasing in Europe and Asia for the last two years  Increasing demand in US markets for bike. Buell division needs to continue to produce a quality motorcycle under Harley’s brand name.  Competitive Profile Matrix: Critical success factor| Harley- Davidson| Honda| | Weight| Rating| Score| Weight| Rating| Score| Advertising| 0. 10| 4| 0. 40| 0. 10| 3| 0. 30| Product Quality| 0. 15| 4| 0. 60| 0. 15| 3| 0. 45| Price Competitiveness| 0. 20| 1| 0. 20| 0. 20| 3| 0. 60| Management| 0. 10| 3| 0. 30| 0. 10| 4| 0. 40| Financial Position| 0. 15| 2| 0. 30| 0. 10| 4| 0. 40| Customer Loyalty| 0. 15| 4| 0. 60| 0. 15| 2| 0. 30| Global Expansion| 0. 05| 3| 0. 15| 0. 05| 4| 0. 20| Market Share| 0. 15| 2| 0. 30| 0. 15| 3| 0. 45| Total| 1| | 2. 85| 1| | 3. 10|  External Factor Evaluation Matrix Key External Factors| Weight| Rating| Score| OPPORTUNITIES| | | | The European demand for Harley Davidson is the highest in the international market and represents the single largest motorcycle market in the world| 0. 15 | 4| 0. 60| The international heavy weight market is growing and is now larger than the U. S. heavyweight market| 0. 15 | 4| 0. 60| Women and younger riders are increasing becoming interested in bikes| 0. 10 | 3| 0. 30| Market share increasing in Europe and Asia for the last two years| 0. 05 | 2| 0. 10| Increasing demand in US markets for bikes| 0. 05 | 2| 0. 10| Customers value quality parts| 0. 02 5| 1| 0. 025| THREATS| | | | Harleys ongoing capacity restraints caused a shortage supply and a loss in domestic market share in recent years| 0. 15 | 4| 0. 60| Harleys average buying age is 42 years old and increasing| 0. 05| 2| 0. 10| The European Union’s motorcycles noise standards are more stringent than those of Environmental Protection Agencies in theU. S and increased environmental stand| 0. 05 | 2| 0. 10| Some competitors of Harley Davidson have larger financial andmarketing resources and they are more diversified| 0. 05 | 2| 0. 10| Environmental protection laws| 0. 15| 4| 0. 60| Buell division needs to continue to produce a quality motorcycleunder Harley’s brand name| 0. 025| 1| 0. 025| Total | 1| | 3. 25|  Internal Strength  The standard and performance segments of Harley Davidson make up 70% of the European heavy weight motorcycle market. Harley-Davidson operates in two segments: Harley-Davidson motorcycles related products and HDFS (Harley-Davidson Financial Services).  Harley-Davidson is the only major American heavyweight motorcycle manufacturer.  Strong brand name.  The HOG (Harley Owners Group), which have a 7, 50,000 members worldwide is the industry’s largest company sponsored motorcycle enthusiast organization.  Buell Riders Adventure Group (BRAG) was also formed recent Customization of the bikes, this is Harley-Davidson’s major revenue maker. Harley-Davidson has a good marketing division and it’s divided as dealer promotions, customer events, magazine and direct-mail advertising, and public relations.  Internal Weakness  High price Harley-Davidson has problems in gaining more market share in some European countries (That’s one of the main markets for Heavyweight motorcycles outside U. S).  They didn’t yet start its sales in India, one of the biggest markets. Required production is not met, analyzing the future of Heavyweight motorcycle market.  Recommended specific Strategies and Implementations. MARKET PENETRATION  Get some more market share from the existing market, like U. S, U. K, and Japan etc through more marketing techniques like advertising. Harley-Davidson has a good brand name so it’s easy for them to eat up the competitor market share if they can provide some more customer benefit.  Competition is high in this segment mostly in U. S so market penetration can be a good choice for the company.  Expand the HOG (Harley Owners Group) to Asian countries, if the company can provide the customer satisfaction that they are providing to the U.S customers to the Asian customers they can increase the sales. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT Younger generation and female are now coming to this segment so expand the motor cycle segments to younger generation and females.  In Europe they can increase or expand the Buell’s market share by introducing new motorcycles.  MARKET DEVELOPMENT  Harley-Davidson can bring in their vehicle to Asian countries like India and China, because these countries have a high population and the market potential is also high. The cost to bring in the old vehicles (old product) to India is so much difficult because there are so much environmental laws are there which won’t allow that type of vehicles to come to India, and its difficult that taxes and levis are high in India so starting new plant in India can solve this problem. Negotiations with the Government can solve these problems.  DIVERSIFICATION  Bring in new vehicles to new markets like India and china is a good choice, but it’s too costly.  Bringing new types of recreational vehicles is a best choice.  Recommended Long-Term Objectives. Establish Harley-Davidson as a recognized leader in the development and participation of its people, to maximize each employees potential.  Grow and maintain demand by providing exceptional product styling, performance, quality, reliability and customer service at prices our customers can afford.  Meet the demand by expanding our existing distribution and manufacturing capacity, and, where necessary, adding new production and retail distribution points.  Improve information services capabilities to enable all stakeholders to easily do business with Harley-Davidson, through the creative integration of information technologies. Drive financial results to the levels achieved by acknowledged high-performing companies.  Recommended Procedure for Strategy Review and Evaluation  Review underlying bases of strategy  Once again prepare all the internal and external analysis.  Compare the already prepared analysis with the one which will be prepared after the new strategy implementation. Measuring organization preferences  Analyze all financial ratios current and the future.  If any advantage, then implement the new strategy, otherwise continue with the present one.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Building Luxury Apartments In Colombo Construction Essay
Building Luxury Apartments In Colombo Construction Essay It is proposed to set up a BOI registered joint-venture company to build luxury apartments in Colombo. The entire project can be done in three phases while this proposal will primarily address Phase I. This involves the purchase of 83 perches of pre-identified land. The subsequent phases will involve the purchase of 85 perches and 100 perches of land respectively. (Survey Plan Appendix part D) The number of units to be constructed for Phase I will be 123 units in a 30-storey tower and will be aimed at the mainly local buyers in the middle to upper income brackets, as well as Sri Lankan expatriates. The preliminary works for Phase I will take about 12 months, including pre-sales of apartments and collection of deposits. The construction period is expected to be 30 months. Phase II will involve 177 units in a 35-storey tower and Phase III will involve 263 units in a 45-storey tower. Phase I of the project is based on an average construction cost of Rs9,030 per sq.ft while the average selling price is expected to be Rs25,800 per sq.ft. The construction will only commence upon reaching secured sales through deposits amounting to 50% of the construction cost by sales value. The capital required for Phase I is Rs650mn (Rs235 mn being in cash and Rs415 mn being land value) where the cash is sufficient to cover consultants fees, marketing expenses and CMC fees during the first 12 months, up to push-button. The project is expected to generate a profit of Rs777.8 mn for Phase I. If the same capital is retained in the company, Phase II can generate Rs1,850.3mn and Phase III of Rs3,325.8 mn. Background This proposal aims to capitalize on the buoyant market for affordable, yet luxury, condominiums within the Colombo city limits. In this regard, it is proposed to set up a joint-venture company for the purpose of raising equity capital to acquire land and develop a luxury condominium project. This project in to be located in the heart of downtown Colombo and is to be developed in three phases, with the land to be acquired already been identified. This proposal addresses the development of Phase I of this project, while the remaining Phases can be developed along similar lines. The project will be developed and promoted by experienced professionals with a proven track record in the property development market. Project Plan Pre-project Planning Approval of project Collect relevant market information and trends, analyze best fit for available land base / land that may become available in future, supervise the preparation of preliminary project evaluation document for presentation at Board of Management (BoM), get approval for sending out Architects brief, Guide the team in preparing architects brief; study and modify preliminary design provided by architect in line with market trends; make a presentation to BoM on the project in order to get the required approvals for commencement of pre-sales and necessary funding for this purpose MEASUREMENT CRITERIA Quantitative/Qualitative Total time taken from project conceptualization through project feasibility through project evaluation to presentation; Number of project presentations made to BoM; success rate of presentations Pre-Sales of Project and Approval to Commence Construction Supervise the preparation of legal documentation / collateral / show flat / advertising and promotional plans; Selection of Consultant / Project Manager Firm; Initiate work with the local consultants, including Project Manager towards obtaining building approvals in order to meet push button threshold and necessary statutory building approvals. MEASUREMENT CRITERIA -Quantitative/Qualitative Actual Sales against Target Project Construction Implementation On achieving required sales threshold, make presentation to BoM for approval of project construction phase, monitor project progress weekly, authorize project payments, variations, extensions of time, negotiate with contractors on modifications in order to ensure quality and timely completion of project within approved budget. MEASUREMENT CRITERIA -Quantitative/Qualitative Project as per Specifications; Cost Overrun; Time Overrun Sales and Collections Review achievement of sales targets; if required, initiate necessary actions to meet targets; monitor timely remittances of customers payment tranches in order to ensure planned revenue recognition. MEASUREMENT CRITERIA -Quantitative/Qualitative Actual Receipts against Target Project Closure Obtain necessary statutory approvals and execute all necessary legal documentation in time, full-fill customer expectations in order to deliver customer satisfaction, and enhance company reputation. MEASUREMENT CRITERIA -Quantitative/Qualitative Customer Feedback; Repeat Business from existing customers Construction Strategy Design Considerations The project will aim to maximize the plot coverage to ensure efficient use of the land. Given the site size, location, road frontage and road width, the maximum permitted plot coverage as per existing regulations of 50% will be utilized. The design will be based on a fixed mix of apartments (i.e. not a modular design) as this will bring in design efficiencies and cost savings. The design will be essentially a reinforced concrete structure with locally procured materials (such as granite, tiles etc) while more expensive imported fitments and fittings will be procured in keeping with the market positioning of the condominiums. The design will also involve cost savings through efficient ME design (such as split-type air conditioning as opposed to central air conditioning) as well as other means to contain costs. Careful attention will be paid to ensure smooth operational considerations from car parking arrangements to easy maintenance of the building. Efficient energy and water usage will also be important given the high cost of electricity while pipe-borne potable water is in short supply. Further, it is proposed to have the car parking above ground at podium level as this will avoid the need for expensive basement construction. Costing This project will be on a BOI duty free basis and will be subject to 15% VAT. The target overall construction cost for Phase I of this development is expected to be about Rs9,030 per sq.ft. (which excludes land costs, consultancy fees and contingencies). Timeline It is estimated that the finalization of designs will take 8 months while obtaining all the regulatory approvals will take an additional 4 months. Sales will run concurrently while waiting for regulatory approval. As such, it is estimated that push-button will be about 12 months from the inception of this project. It is estimated that it will take 30 months for completing construction of Phase I from the time of push-button. Risk Factors and Mitigating Measures Demand / Pricing Risk Supply and demand of luxury apartments in the market will determine pricing. The supply of apartments within Colombo city is growing, but is also constrained to some extent due to lack of availability of suitable tracts of land. Meanwhile, the demand for apartments continues to grow from the Sri Lankan middle and upper middle class as they migrate to the city to be closer to their work place due to increasing traffic congestion and poor infrastructure. Sri Lankan families also wish to be closer to childrens schools, hospitals and other services. Given that the infrastructure is failing to keep up with the growth in the urban population, demand for condominiums in the heart of the city will continue to grow. This should help to underpin prices. However, there is the risk that if the local economy slows down, it will adversely affect apartment sales. Further, a poor investment climate and falling tourism will curtail purchases from overseas buyers as well. In situations such as this, an over supply of apartments can lead to price cutting by developers to sell their inventory of apartments. To mitigate the risk from over supply and price cutting, this project has two mitigating measures. The first is to ensure that the pre-determined sales target has been secured before push-button. The second is to phase out the development into three, thereby limiting the risk to one phase at a time. Cost Risk Costs on a project such as this will be affected by domestic inflation and the exchange rate of the SL Rupee. As both of these factors cannot be directly controlled, it is proposed that this project be worked on a fixed-price contract for the construction. This will effectively pass on the risk of cost increases to the contractor. Further, as this development will be done in phases, it has the benefit of having a shorter timeframe for each phase and thus being able to limit the fixed price premium. Duration Risk The risk that the project construction gets delayed is very real. This could arise due to a number of reasons, including poor management/cash-flow by the contractor, unavailability of skilled labour, shortage of materials (such as bricks etc.) amongst others. To mitigate this risk that arises from any delay, only short-listed contractors with good reputations will be invited to tender for this project, preferably with their own directly employed labour. In addition, professional project managers will be hired to manage the project on behalf of the developer. Interest Rate Risk Interest rates have been rising and this will affect the ability of potential apartment buyers to finance a purchase through a mortgage. Although this risk cannot be directly avoided, as this project will be focusing on the affordable segment of the market, it should still enable customers to buy an apartment. Further, the payments will be staggered through the construction of the project. Indeed, this project has the advantage that as the land will be acquired through the equity infusion, the need for a large deposits/tranches from buyers at the start can be avoided as a further incentive to buy. Company Structure Capital Requirement It is proposed to raise equity capital to cover the cost of the land acquisition for Phase I, the cost of Consultancy , Marketing costs and CMC fees over the first 12 months of the project upto push-button. The required capital is thus Rs650 mn, of which Rs235 mn being in cash, the rest being value of the land. A breakdown of these costs is given below. Rs (mn) Consultancy Costs 62 Marketing Costs 33 Pre-Contract works 29 CMC Fees 111 235 Land cost 415 650 The project will not rely on long-term borrowings to raise capital. However, short-term cash shortfalls are to be met through bank overdrafts. Equity Structure It is proposed to set up a BOI registered joint-venture company for the purpose of this development. The required capital is to be raised through a private placement. The promoters of this project will be entitled to 2% of the equity. The final structure of the company will be as follows. Equity Investors 98.0% Promoters 2.0% 100.0% Key Assumptions Land cost of Rs5 mn per perch Exchange rate at start of development of Rs110 Phase I Phase II Phase III Land Extent (perches) 83 86 100 No. of Units 123 177 263 Parking Amenities levels 5 6 7 Apartment levels 25 30 38 Total No. of Storeys 30 36 45 Average Cost of construction Rs 9,030 psf Rs9,800 psf Rs10,635 psf Time for construction 30 months 36 months 45 months Aver. selling price (inc. VAT) Rs25,806 psf Rs27,703 psf Rs30,921 psf Period to sell out units 25 months 30 months 38 months
Friday, September 20, 2019
history of the Atomic Bomb :: essays research papers fc
History of the Atomic Bomb The atomic bomb1 is the most destructive weapon known to mankind. A bomb of this nature is capable of obliterating anything up to four square miles and anything reaching outside that area receives very extreme damage. Albert Einstein was the man who had convinced the United States to research the Atomic Bomb.      The Manhattan Project2 was the name given to the research and development of the atomic bomb. It was called the Manhattan Project after Manhattan Engineer District of the US Army Corps of Engineers, because most of the early research was done in New York. The person that was chosen to lead this project was General Leslie Grove and Robert Oppenheimer was appointed to lead the day-to-day running of the project. In order for an atom bomb to be produced the scientists had to separate the Uranium-235 from the much more common Uranium-238. The facility that was used to separate the Uranium-135 from the Uranium-238 was not held __________________________ 1 Atomic Bomb – Bomb using Uranium-235 for mass destruction. 2 Manhattan Project – Name given to the development and research of the atomic bomb in the U.S. in New York but in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The cost of this project was two billion dollars, which is equivalent to 26 billion dollars in today’s world and the factories employed 200,000 people, that was more then the amount of people employed in the United States auto mobile industry.      When the first bomb was made a site in Alamogordo, New Mexico was chosen as the testing ground. In order for the bomb to explode, all the nuclei of the several grams of Uranium would have to be split. A sphere of Uranium the size of a baseball would cause an explosion that equaled the strength of 15,000 to 20,000 tons of TNT. When the bomb had exploded there was a tower and the explosion had turned the asphalt around the tower into green sand, the sky was extremely bright and seconds after the explosion came a huge blast that sent unbelievable heat across the desert. Also, there was a huge mushroom cloud that reached the sub-stratosphere that was at an elevation of 41,000 feet. 10,000 feet away a soldier was of right off his feet by the force of the shock wave and another soldier stationed five miles away was temporarily blinded. The explosion was able to be herd 50 miles away.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Cellular Phones :: Mobile Cell Cellular Telephones Phones Essays
Cellular Phones Cellular phones are a phenomenon that has engulfed people in the nineties. They have become a common occurrence whether you are waiting in line at the super market or in a movie theatre. One professor at Murray State University said, â€Å"Many students are carrying them, I had a student get a call in the middle of a test last semester.†Although many people have accepted the thought of carrying a telephone wherever they go, others have not taken the onslaught of cell phones quite so easily. Cell phones have become part of everyday life, and with the dramatic changes that have been made, there is no sign of their existence diminishing. Today, cellular service is available in all 306 Metropolitan Statistical Areas across the country and all of the 428 Rural Service Areas. Cellular phones carry a diverse group of users. In June 1985, there were about 203,000 cellular phone service subscribers. By June 1989, the number had exploded to 2.7 million subscribers, and by June 1995 there were mire than 26 million subscribers. When cell phones were first introduce, only people with a lot of money had them and the service was very expensive. It was a lot cheaper to stop and use the pay phone than it was to use a cell phone. Now, it is almost as cheap to use a cell phone to make a long distance call as it is to make a long distance call using AT&T. Long distance calling has become a vast market of sales and bribery. A majority of cell phone users have a long distance plan with there cellular package. A lot of college students have cell phones just to make long distance calls home to their friends and family. Depending on the time of day, a person in Fayetteville, Arkansas can call a person in Dallas, Texas for as little as 9 cents a minute. That is very cheap for that type of telephone call. Why have Americans become so attached to cellular phones? Is it convenience, or just the way a person feels driving down the road talking to someone. There is no way to tell. I think it is very important to look at the reason Americans buy and use cellular phones. In a survey taken in 1996, Southwestern Bell Cellular asked 5,000 of its users to fill out a survey.
Wednesday, September 18, 2019
Who Is The Hero :: essays research papers
Shane, WHO IS THE HERO? Movies have evolved a great deal since the days when a couple fighting scenes and a small love story satisfied audiences. Today movie plots are much more complicated and have much more action, thanks to modern day technologies. Although these new technologies seem to make movies increasingly complicated, some crucial roles in movies will never change. One thing that has remained constant in the film industry is the role of the hero. No matter what the genera of the film and or when the film was made the hero’s always share similar characteristics and are put through similar series of tests to prove their heroism. When these tests are completed it seems to pull everything together in their films. Although the hero Shane in the movie Shane and the hero Ripley in the movie Aliens are from two separate generas and are also from separate time periods, the hero’s in each movie share characteristics and are put through similar tests that make them, in theory, one in the same. Heroic characteristics start to become evident right from the start of each of the movies.      At the beginning of the movie Shane we see (the hero) Shane on his horse, coming from the mountains and we are not really given much backround as to where he came from. Similarly, at the beginning of the movie Aliens we see Ripley (the hero) in some sort of bed, and when she is introduced we are not given much backround as to where she is from. In both movies the hero’s were introduced without giving much information on there past. This is a characteristic of movie hero’s because at the start of movies director’s don’t want the audience know much about the hero’s. They do this so the audience has the task of slowly looking for characteristics throughout the movie that makes the â€Å"hero†actually fit his or her title. These so called â€Å"tests†of heroism that the audience must look for are also very similar in movies and can also be illustrated in these two films.      One of the first tests in both films that the hero’s endured was a test of their character strength. For example in the movie Shane even though Joe doubted him at the start he still sticks up for him when Ryker harasses him because that is what he believes in. This is similar to Ripley’s situation near the beginning of the movie Aliens.
Tuesday, September 17, 2019
Early Childhood Education Essay
Please accept this letter as an application for admission to University of Houston to receive an Ed. D in Early Childhood Education. I submit this letter for I believe that my experiences are well qualified to meet the needs of the position. I am taking Masters of Education, Educational Administration with PDAS certification at Prairie View A&M University in Educational Administration and fully expect to complete my degree by August 2010. I have started applying for Assistant Principal positions within my district for next school year. I am looking forward to continuing my studies in the Ed. D program in Early Childhood Education. I am currently a Head Start Teacher in Port Arthur Independent School District, Port Arthur, Texas. This 8-year experience provides me career growth and competitive experiences in the field of Early Childhood Education. I am taking responsibilities in the planning and implementation of activities to promote the social, physical, and intellectual growth of children three and four years of age. Care, hygiene, learning, development activities, specialized programs, positive guidance of the children and maintaining records, cleanliness and orderliness are also given special attentions in my field. I have been a department chairperson for the last 3 years. I have also worked as a substitute coordinator where in I was involved in recruiting new substitute teachers for the district. In this job, I have also worked directly with the principal in locating teachers to fill in the classrooms during summer months. My studies in Masters of Education not only provide me strong background and research experience but also in the applications of these learnings. I also believed that my educational values and my work experiences will not only contribute advancements to myself but also effectively put these into practice. I have the earnest desire to function successfully in program development activities, teachings, and basic and applied researches in early childhood education. Attached herewith are my resume, certificates, and transcript for your reference. I look forward to hearing positive responses from you regarding this matter. Thank you for your consideration. Respectfully yours, Michelle M. Lockwood
Monday, September 16, 2019
Corporate Tax Act Essay
The resolution stipulated that any overpayment of salary disallowed as a deduction by the IRS would be repaid to the Osprey Corporation. In late 2010 during an audit by the IRS, $200,000 of Patrick’s compensation, and $150,000 of Dan’s compensation were recharacterized as constructive dividends. This was done because the salaries were found to be excessive. Reg  §1. 162-8 states excessive compensation will be disallowed to the corporation and treated as a constructive dividend to the shareholder. Because the agreement to the resolution was in place prior to their salary payments, the repayments were legally enforceable under state law. As stated by Hoffman, Raabe, Smith and Maloney â€Å"the constructive dividend serves as a substitute for actual distributions and is usually intended to accomplish some tax objective not available through the use of direct dividends. Alternatively the shareholders may be seeking benefits for themselves while avoiding the recognition of income†(2012, 5-16). Because the resolution did contain a repayment provision it should reduce the effect of the constructive dividends on Dan and Patrick. b. Issues A corporation cannot take a deduction from the constructive dividend, and the shareholder must report the amount of the constructive dividend on their tax return. The IRS will recharacterize an item that has been deducted on the corporate tax return to a non-deductible dividend. Constructive dividends are double taxed, first on the corporate level and again at the shareholder level. This characterization results in the IRS denial of the deduction on he corporate level. To determine how the repayment by Dan and Patrick should be treated for tax purposes we must determine whether the repayment can, or should be treated as a deduction or as a credit. c. Discussion In  §162, it states compensation is deductible only to the extent that it is reasonable and is in fact payment purely for services. In a case similar to Dan and Patrick’s sit uation involving excessive compensation, Vincent E. Oswald v. Commissioner, 49 T. C. 645 (1968), the court found the repayments to be a deductible expense. In this case the question was whether, â€Å"under section 162 of the Code, the officers are entitled to a business expense deduction for the calendar year 1968 for the salaries repaid by them to the corporation†(Vincent E. Oswald. 49 T. C. 645 (1968)). The Section 1. 162-1 of the Income Tax Regulations â€Å"provides, in part, that ordinary and necessary expenditures directly connected with or pertaining to the taxpayer’s trade or business are deductible from gross income as business expenses†(Rev. Rul. 69-115, 1969-1 CB 50  IRC Sec(s). 162). According to the case, the court found that a deduction for ordinary and necessary business expenses would be allowed. If Dan and Patrick sought a credit for the repayment of the taxes, the relief provision contained in IRC section 1341 suggest that a taxpayer may reduce its current years tax by the amount of the extra taxes paid by having to include the income in a previous year. The requirement that a taxpayer be entitled to this deduction has two subsets. One, there must be a deduction as the result of the restoration of income, and two, the deduction must occur under a code section other than section 1341. In a federal case Van Cleave v.
Sunday, September 15, 2019
Championship Manager Essay
Paul and Mark started work on Championship Manager 97/98 in early 1997. One of the greatest quotes ever came from this â€Å"Oh – this’ll be easy – it’ll only take a couple of weeks†, said Paul, the eternal optimist. It took a solid ten months to get it together and released – and that was just the English language version. The Championship Manager 2 engine was brought to its outer limits as nine leagues were combined with the possibility of running three simultaneously – almost every part of the game needed to be modified and many improvements were made. A database of some 20000 players and 2500 teams was put together with researchers helping out from all corners of the globe. This final version of Championship Manager 2, released 31st October 1997 at an update price, went straight to number one of the all formats chart and remained in the top 20 for many many months. In the meantime, Oliver, who had taken a well earned rest after 18 months solid work on Championship Manager 2, started to conceive the first ideas for Championship Manager 3. The game would once again be totally re-written. In March 1997, Oliver and new staff member Marc Vaughan launched themselves into the Championship Manager 3 project. After a lengthy three months of interviewing, the right people were found to work on Championship Manager 3. With the team assembled, work on Championship Manager 3 steamed ahead and all involved worked hard to make it into a great game. The game was (finally) released on March 26th 1999 and made history as it was the fastest selling PC Game in the UK of all time shifting over 55,000 units in its first. Championship Manager 3 continued to sell well staying at the top spot of the all formats for 3 weeks and has been top of the PC charts for 11 weeks in total since release. Three foreign language versions of Championship Manager 3 were released in May 1999. The languages included were Italian, French and Portuguese and has proved popular in all these countries as well as all the other countries where it has been distributed.
Saturday, September 14, 2019
Aristotle on the Soul Essay
Aristotle’s notion differs from the usual conception of a soul as some sort of substance occupying the body, existing separately and eternally. To him, the soul is the essence of a living thing. The soul is what makes an organism an organism at all by actualizing its potential for life, and it’s constituted by its capacity for activities essential to that specific type of being. His investigation into the nature of the soul demonstrates basic principles of his philosophical theories at work, including Hylomorphism, potentiality and actuality, and his four causes. His use of these theories in analyzing and teasing out the complexities of the soul make for a cohesive and comprehensive study, easily amenable with his other works. In this paper I will analyze his notion of the soul as described in De Anima, recounting how he came to define the soul, the explanation of the soul, how the souls of different kinds of ensouled beings differ, and his unique concept of how the soul is related to the body. Aristotle begins Book 1 of De Anima by stating that since the soul is a principle of animals, and here I will interpret animals to mean more broadly beings, describing its essence has implications beyond its obvious scope. In unfolding the nature of the soul, it is possible to determine which attributes belong to the soul alone and which belong to the organism in virtue of having a soul (Aristotle, De Anima 402a). So besides exploring the nature of life, his analysis will also seek to answer the question of whether all mental states (of the soul) are also material states of the body, or whether some attributes of the soul are unique to it. In doing so, we are confronted with the interesting implication of Aristotle’s position on the mind/body problem, to which I will get to later on. Returning to the question at hand (what is the soul? ), Aristotle starts his investigation by use of his explanatory theory of Hylomorphism, which states that substances are compounds of matter and form, and change occurs when form actualizes matter (Shields). There are three sorts of substances; form, matter, and the compound of form and matter. Matter is potentiality and form is actuality. Form actualizes matter, which possesses the potential to be what it is. So using Aristotle’s example of a bronze statue, the matter, in this case the bronze, only actualizes it’s potential of being a statue when it acquires the form, or the shape and features. Of interest is the third kind of substance, compounds, which make up living beings. The body is the substance as matter, so the soul is the substance as form or shape. Here we get to Aristotle’s preliminary definition of the soul as the actuality of a natural body having life potentially (Aristotle, De Anima 412). It is in virtue of this form, the soul, that makes an organism alive. Without the soul, the body would only have the capacity for life potentially, and so the soul is the essence (the form) of living things. This preliminary definition is taken a step further when Aristotle identifies the soul as the â€Å"first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive†(Aristotle, De Anima 412a). He claims that the actuality that is the soul is like the actuality that is knowledge, in that we speak of it in two ways. We can distinguish between a state of knowing x and a state of attending to the knowledge of x, where the latter is more of an active process. The passive of state of knowing x is the first actuality, first because it must necessarily come prior to attending or remembering that knowledge i. e. potential precedes actual. Similarly, the soul of a sleeping person is like the passive state, the first actuality, while the soul of an awake person is like the active state. The soul must be the first actuality, for if not we would be forced to say a sleeping animal lacks a soul, a conclusion we do not want to make (Aristotle, De Anima 412a-412b). First actuality seems to correspond to a capacity to engage in the activity of the second actuality, and in this way is a kind of potential to exercise some function, like the ability to engage in thought. Aristotle makes this clear when he states that, â€Å"If the eye, for instance, were an animal, sight would be its soul†(Aristotle, De Anima 412b). Sight is the capacity of the eye for seeing, where sight is the form and the eye is the matter. The first actuality is the capacity for seeing, and the second actuality is seeing, actively exercising the potential ability. So it seems that beyond defining the soul as the ‘first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive’, we can say the soul is a set of capacities that characterize living things. These characteristic capacities are different in different beings, and we will see that it is by these that Aristotle creates his hierarchy of ensouled beings or the degrees of souls. I will return to this distinction later in this paper, when describing how the souls of different ensouled beings differ. At this point we have a definition of the soul, but as Aristotle stresses throughout his various works, we must determine the cause or explanation in order to truly grasp the essence, and therefore get at complete picture of his view of the soul. The definition just given explains the what, but a full account must explain the why. He states in the Physics, â€Å"for our inquiry aims at knowledge; and we think we know something only when we find the reason why it is so, i.e. , when we find its primary cause†(Aristotle, Physics 194b). His criteria for an adequate definition, one that is sufficient for knowledge, rest on his theory of causation and explanation. The four causes include the material cause, formal cause, efficient cause, and final cause. Material cause is what something is made of, the formal cause is the form or pattern of which a thing is what it is, the efficient cause refers to the agent of change or rest, and the final cause is the intended purpose of the change or the reason why a thing is done (Shields). We must, therefore, determine why the soul is what it is in virtue of these four general causes. The soul is the principle and the cause of the living body, for it is in virtue of the soul that the body is alive, and thus it plays an explanatory role. It is the cause of the living body in three of the four ways, as â€Å"the source of motion, as what something is for, and as the substance of ensouled bodies†(Aristotle, De Anima 415), corresponding to the efficient cause, the final cause, and the formal cause respectively. It is the source of motion in that it causes growth and decay in the organism. The soul is also the cause of the living body by being the final cause, as the body is merely an organ for the sake of the soul, aimed at the soul. And finally, the soul is the formal cause of the living body for it causes life by being the form and actuality of what is potentially. The body makes up the fourth cause, the material cause, by being the matter that makes up a living organism (Aristotle, De Anima 415). I will use Aristotle’s example of the nature of a house as described in Book One, when he is discussing the importance of form, in order to better illustrate the necessity for analysis of a concept under his theory of causation and explanation. To merely define a house as stones, bricks, and timbers, is not to capture its full essence. A house is stones, bricks, and timbers (material cause), built into an enclosed structure (formal cause), fashioned together by a carpenter (efficient cause), in order to provide shelter from the elements (final cause). We can describe the what, but without further details about the explanation, we don’t really know the nature of a house. Similarly the soul is why, it gives the explanation for, the life activities of a living body. At this point Aristotle’s notion of the soul is quite clear; it is the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive, it is a set of capacities for life-giving and defining activities of organisms, and it is the form, the source of motion, and the means (it directs) to the end of the living body. Souls of different living beings are differentiated by their capacities to engage in the activities characteristic of that type of organism, which comprise their livelihood and survival. It is these differentiating faculties that make up the soul. Among these faculties are the nutritive and reproductive, perceptive, locomotive, and the capacity for thought and understanding. Aristotle claims, â€Å"the soul is the principle of the potentialities we have mentionedâ€â€for nutrition, perception, understanding, and motionâ€â€and is defined by them†(Aristotle, De Anima 413). There are three types of souls, arranged in a nested hierarchy, so the possession of a higher soul entails possession of all that are below it. The lowest, or most basic, in this hierarchy is the nutritive soul. All living things possess the capacity for self-nourishment, for without this they would not live. Next is the sensitive soul, which is possessed only by animals. The highest type of soul is the rational soul, belonging only to humans. These three souls are differentiated by their function, corresponding to the ensouled being in possession of the soul with the power to exercise that function. While the animal soul possesses the nutritive and the sensitive, and the human soul the rational as well, each has but one unified soul with a various sets of capacities (Shields). The nutritive soul is the potentiality held by all living things to preserve it and equip it for life. The function of this soul is the use of nourishment and generation, or reproduction. Generation is the most natural function, as it is a means for a living being to participate in the future (the â€Å"everlasting and divine†) by producing something else of its own sort. The use of nourishment allows the being to preserve itself, only existing while it is nourished. Nourishment allows an organism to grow as well as decay, according to its form. Since all living things possess the nutritive soul, all living things have the capacity for self-nourishment, growth, decay, and for reproduction. Further, since all nourishment involves digestion, and digestion involves heat, all beings contain heat (Aristotle, De Anima 415-416). The sensitive, or perceptive soul, distinguishes plants from animals. Perception is a type of alteration, in that a suitable sense-organ in perception is affected or changed by an external object. The external object acts as the agent, possessing the qualities in actuality that the sense-organ possesses potentially. Aristotle describes that it is through an intermediate condition, such as air, that sense organs receive the forms or qualities of the objects of perception, not the matter, when involuntarily acted upon by the external object. Thus, the sensitive soul has the capacity to receive sensible forms, resulting in perception. The sense-organs become like the agent after being affected, or receiving the qualities (Shields). Again, we can see Aristotle returning to his theory of Hylomorphism in describing perception as the change in the sense-organ as a result of the acquisition of form. The potential of the sense-organ is made actual in virtue of the external object which possesses the form in actuality. Aristotle states that every animal has the sense of touch, but not all possess the sense of sight, hearing, taste and smell. Animals are further distinguished along these lines; while each possesses a nutritive and a sensitive soul, there are various degrees of complexity of the latter soul corresponding to the activities of the animal. Aristotle continues further that the possession of the perceptive soul implies that the animal has the capacity to desire, and desiring includes appetite, emotion, and wish. He also determines possession of this soul entails the ability to feel pleasure and pain and it is in virtue of this soul that some animals possess the power of locomotion (Aristotle, De Anima 413-415). The rational soul, perhaps the most difficult section to interpret of De Anima, is essential and indicative of humans alone. It is in virtue of the rational soul, the intellect, that we come to know and understand things. The intellect is the seat of thought and thus reason. Thinking is similar to perception, as it involves the reception of form by a suitable capacity. However, while the object of perception is external and is the composite of form and matter, the object of thought is within the soul and is form alone (Shields). While hard to follow, I believe the objects of thought are the forms of forms; they get their intelligible forms in virtue of the sensible forms sensed in perception. Aristotle discusses the concept of â€Å"appearances†, which are different from perceptions and beliefs, for appearances exist while we sleep, with no external stimuli actualizing the ‘sensation’, and beliefs involve conviction, while appearances do not. Appearances are images resembling objects of perception (Aristotle, De Anima 428). It is helpful to think of appearances as the representation of reality we see in imagination. I believe Aristotle is claiming that it is these appearances that are the objects of thought. In intellection, the mind is made to be like the object of thought through reception of its intelligible form. The intellect is pure potentiality, it potentially has all of these objects of thought, and only in thought do these intelligible forms become actualized in the mind (Shields). As Aristotle’s philosophical worldview rests on a Hylomorphic principle, it is difficult to see how the alteration, bringing the intellect from potentiality to actuality in thought, comes about. In perception, this is in virtue of an external object that acts as an agent for change in the sense-organ. But what is the agent of change in intellection? Aristotle divides the intellect into the active and passive intellects. The active intellect acts as the agent of change; when the mind thinks the active intellect actualizes the intelligible forms in the passive intellect. The passive intellect stores the concepts of knowledge and intelligible forms in potentiality, to be recalled by the active intellect during thought. This means however, that the actual must precede the potential, contrary to what was discussed above. The nature of the active intellect is its activity, so it must be unremittingly active in order to cause the passive intellect to act and us to have thoughts and reason. If it is continuously active, this part of the rational soul must be eternal and thus stands in stark contrast with the rest of the souls Aristotle posits, but this controversial point is something I will not take up in this paper (Shields). Returning to the more broad implications of De Anima and Aristotle’s larger philosophical framework, we can analyze his notion of the soul in terms of the mind/body problem. Explicating his position, or lack thereof, on this matter will also illustrate his views on the soul in terms of unity, oneness, seperability, and mortality. Substance dualism is the position that the mind is separate from the body and that the mind is non-physical, often posited as being eternal. Aristotle’s conception of the soul, however, is that it is not ontologically distinct from the body. All nourishment, perception, and even thinking require a body. Further, as the living body is the composite of form (soul) and matter (body), it represents one inextricable substance. The soul and body are inseparable, except for perhaps the active intellect. While we can conceptually distinguish between a soul and a body, or form and matter, they are but one substance, related in terms of this composite. So when the body perishes, the soul does as well. Leaving aside the debated active intellect, the soul cannot be immortal. Therefore, Aristotle cannot be said to be a substance dualist. Materialism, on the other hand, claims that all that exists is physical and that substance is pure matter. But as has been said, Aristotle’s position on the soul takes it to be pure form and thus immaterial. The primary substance of a living body is the unity of body and soul, which is not purely matter. So, he cannot be a materialist either. While Aristotle does not clearly take a position towards this dilemma, he does suggest a new way of viewing it. Instead of presupposing the mind and speculating on the body as dualists do, or vice versa if you are a materialist, identifying the two as a unit and illuminating the association in terms of unity relations may prove more feasible. To summarize, Aristotle’s notion of the soul is that it is the first actuality of a natural body that is potentially alive. The concept of first actuality represents a sort of capacity for undertaking the action that characterizes the second actuality. So the soul is life-giving and facilitates the body for undertaking the actions necessary for survival and well-being. Plants have only the nutritive soul, enabling them to sustain themselves and reproduce. Animals have this soul as well as the sensitive soul, which facilitates perception and feelings of pleasure, pain, desire, appetite, etc. Humans are further distinguished in virtue of the elusive rational soul, which gives us the unique power of understanding, thought, and rationality. Aristotle’s soul is unlike other conceptions as it posits that although the body and soul is one, inseparable unit, the soul is immaterial while the body is physical. His consistency on his views of the soul with his views of nature and reality are obvious, as he frequently makes use of his broader theories of Hylomorphism, his four causes, and the potential/actual nature of everything that exists, making for a powerfully cohesive portfolio. Works Cited Aristotle, Terence Irwin, and Gail Fine. â€Å"De Anima. †Aristotle: Selections. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. , 1995. 402-34. Print. Aristotle, Terence Irwin, and Gail Fine. â€Å"Physics. †Aristotle: Selections. Indianapolis: Hackett Pub. , 1995. 184-263. Web. Shields, Christopher. â€Å"Aristotle’s Psychology. †(Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). N. p. , 23 Aug. 2010. Web. 20 Dec. 2012.
Friday, September 13, 2019
Faith Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
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Cross-cultural Conflicts and Leadership for Managing Conflict Essay
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Wednesday, September 11, 2019
Ethical Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
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Tuesday, September 10, 2019
The Future of Drinking Water Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1
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